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2018年08月01日
To make a database of Jingoro Sahashi of Ogai Mori and its deviation 11
◆Group A: thought stream (1 inducement from outside to inside, 2 emergence from inside to outside)
Standard deviation of scene 1 (characteristic 1, 6 pieces and characteristic 2, 4 pieces) is 1 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 2（characteristic 1, 1 piece and characteristic 2, 9 pieces) is 4 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 3 (characteristic 1, 7 pieces and characteristic 2, 3 pieces) is 2 by formula 2.
【What is apparent from the numbers】
The emergence is very extreme in scene 2, therefore “Jingoro Sahashi” can be seen as individualism.
◆Group B: gesture (1 ostension, 2 metaphor)
Standard deviation of scene 1 (characteristic 1, 8 pieces and characteristic 2, 2 pieces) is 3 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 2 (characteristic 1, 10 pieces and characteristic 2, 0 pieces) is 5 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 3 (characteristic 1, 7 pieces and characteristic 2, 3 pieces) is 2 by formula 2.
【What is apparent from the numbers】
“Jingoro Sahashi” is a story from “Zoku-bukekanwa”. Therefore, there are few metaphors through scene 1, scene 2 and scene 3.
◆Group C: cognitive process of information (1 old, 2 new)
Standard deviation of scene 1 (characteristic 1, 2 pieces and characteristic 2, 8 pieces) is 3 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 2 (characteristic 1, 1 piece and characteristic 2, 9 pieces) is 4 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 3 (characteristic 1, 0 pieces and characteristic 2, 10 pieces) is 5 by formula 2.
【What is apparent from the numbers】
There is so much new information throughout scene 1, scene 2 and scene 3. Therefore, the story zips along quickly.
◆Group D: cognitive process of information (1 problem resolution, 2 unsolved)
Standard deviation of scene 1 (characteristic 1, 4 pieces and characteristic 2, 6 pieces) is 1 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 2 (characteristic 1, 2 pieces and characteristic 2, 8 pieces) is 3 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 3 (characteristic 1, 4 pieces and characteristic 2, 6 pieces) is 1 by formula 2.
【What is apparent from the numbers】
The problem is unresolved in the early part of the scene, and is resolved in the later part of the scene throughout scene 1, scene 2 and scene 3. The problem resolution of each scene should be related to the beginning of the book, but scene 2 has many unresolved problems and the variations are large. Therefore, the relationship is the lowest here.
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
Standard deviation of scene 1 (characteristic 1, 6 pieces and characteristic 2, 4 pieces) is 1 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 2（characteristic 1, 1 piece and characteristic 2, 9 pieces) is 4 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 3 (characteristic 1, 7 pieces and characteristic 2, 3 pieces) is 2 by formula 2.
【What is apparent from the numbers】
The emergence is very extreme in scene 2, therefore “Jingoro Sahashi” can be seen as individualism.
◆Group B: gesture (1 ostension, 2 metaphor)
Standard deviation of scene 1 (characteristic 1, 8 pieces and characteristic 2, 2 pieces) is 3 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 2 (characteristic 1, 10 pieces and characteristic 2, 0 pieces) is 5 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 3 (characteristic 1, 7 pieces and characteristic 2, 3 pieces) is 2 by formula 2.
【What is apparent from the numbers】
“Jingoro Sahashi” is a story from “Zoku-bukekanwa”. Therefore, there are few metaphors through scene 1, scene 2 and scene 3.
◆Group C: cognitive process of information (1 old, 2 new)
Standard deviation of scene 1 (characteristic 1, 2 pieces and characteristic 2, 8 pieces) is 3 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 2 (characteristic 1, 1 piece and characteristic 2, 9 pieces) is 4 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 3 (characteristic 1, 0 pieces and characteristic 2, 10 pieces) is 5 by formula 2.
【What is apparent from the numbers】
There is so much new information throughout scene 1, scene 2 and scene 3. Therefore, the story zips along quickly.
◆Group D: cognitive process of information (1 problem resolution, 2 unsolved)
Standard deviation of scene 1 (characteristic 1, 4 pieces and characteristic 2, 6 pieces) is 1 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 2 (characteristic 1, 2 pieces and characteristic 2, 8 pieces) is 3 by formula 2.
Standard deviation of scene 3 (characteristic 1, 4 pieces and characteristic 2, 6 pieces) is 1 by formula 2.
【What is apparent from the numbers】
The problem is unresolved in the early part of the scene, and is resolved in the later part of the scene throughout scene 1, scene 2 and scene 3. The problem resolution of each scene should be related to the beginning of the book, but scene 2 has many unresolved problems and the variations are large. Therefore, the relationship is the lowest here.
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
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To make a database of Jingoro Sahashi of Ogai Mori and its deviation 10
4.2 Analysis of standard deviation
Let’s calculate the standard deviation of group A, group B, group C and group D. This time, the individual value of characteristic 1 and 2 in scene 1, scene 2, and scene 3 is not mass but index.
Therefore, I count the number of characteristics to derive the arithmetic average, then subtract the arithmetic average from the individual values to derive the average of square sum set, and finally extract the square root. (Formula 2)
What does the dervied number of standard deviation in each group represent? If the meaning of these numbers could be explained, that would provide some valuable insight.
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
Let’s calculate the standard deviation of group A, group B, group C and group D. This time, the individual value of characteristic 1 and 2 in scene 1, scene 2, and scene 3 is not mass but index.
Therefore, I count the number of characteristics to derive the arithmetic average, then subtract the arithmetic average from the individual values to derive the average of square sum set, and finally extract the square root. (Formula 2)
What does the dervied number of standard deviation in each group represent? If the meaning of these numbers could be explained, that would provide some valuable insight.
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
To make a database of Jingoro Sahashi of Ogai Mori and its deviation 9
◆ Scene 3 To avenge
Table 3
Original sentence/translation
澄み切った月が、暗く濁った燭の火に打ち勝って、座敷はいちめんに青みがかった光りを浴びている。
A full moon lit up the darkness and a candle filled the room with a shimmering blue light.
A1 B2 C2 D2
どこか近くで鳴く蟋蟀の声が、笛の音にまじって聞こえる。甘利は瞼が重くなった。たちまち笛の音がとぎれた。
The crickets were chirping. When Amari closed his eyes, then the chirping stopped.
A2 B1 C2 D2
「申し。お寒うはござりませぬか」笛を置いた若衆の左の手が、仰向けになっている甘利の左の胸を軽く押えた。
“Excuse me. Aren’t you cold?” The left hand of Jingoro pressed the left breast of Amari lightly.
A1 B1 C2 D2
ちょうど浅葱色の袷に紋の染め抜いてある辺である。
Amari was wearing an emerald blue kimono and Jingoro touched the emblem.
A1 B2 C2 D2
甘利は夢現（ゆめうつつ）の境に、くつろいだ襟を直してくれるのだなと思った。
Amari dreamed that Jingoro fixed his collar.
A1 B1 C2 D2
それと同時に氷のように冷たい物が、たった今平手がさわったと思うところから、胸の底深く染み込んだ。
A cold feeling like ice came up from the bottom of his breast from where Jingoro put his hand.
A1 B1 C2 D2
何とも知れぬ温い物が逆に胸から咽へのぼった。甘利は気が遠くなった。
Then a warm feeling beyond words rose from his breast to his throat. Amari felt overwhelmed.
A1 B1 C2 D1
三河勢の手に余った甘利をたやすく討ち果たして、髻（もとどり）をしるしに切り取った甚五郎は、鼠（むささび）のように身軽に、小山城を脱けて出て、従兄源太夫が浜松の邸に帰った。
Jingoro got Amari out of the control of Mikawa, and escaped Oyama castle like a mouse, and came back to the house of Gendayu in Hamamatsu.
A2 B1 C2 D1
家康は約束どおり甚五郎を召し出したが、目見えの時一言も甘利の事を言わなんだ。
Ieyasu called Jingoro as promised, but didn’t say anything about Amari to him.
A2 B1 C2 D1
蜂谷の一族は甚五郎の帰参を快くは思わぬが、大殿の思召しをかれこれ言うことはできなかった。
The family of Hachiya saw the old master Jingoro as distasteful, but they received the will of Ieyasu without a word.
A1 B2 C2 D1
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
Table 3
Original sentence/translation
澄み切った月が、暗く濁った燭の火に打ち勝って、座敷はいちめんに青みがかった光りを浴びている。
A full moon lit up the darkness and a candle filled the room with a shimmering blue light.
A1 B2 C2 D2
どこか近くで鳴く蟋蟀の声が、笛の音にまじって聞こえる。甘利は瞼が重くなった。たちまち笛の音がとぎれた。
The crickets were chirping. When Amari closed his eyes, then the chirping stopped.
A2 B1 C2 D2
「申し。お寒うはござりませぬか」笛を置いた若衆の左の手が、仰向けになっている甘利の左の胸を軽く押えた。
“Excuse me. Aren’t you cold?” The left hand of Jingoro pressed the left breast of Amari lightly.
A1 B1 C2 D2
ちょうど浅葱色の袷に紋の染め抜いてある辺である。
Amari was wearing an emerald blue kimono and Jingoro touched the emblem.
A1 B2 C2 D2
甘利は夢現（ゆめうつつ）の境に、くつろいだ襟を直してくれるのだなと思った。
Amari dreamed that Jingoro fixed his collar.
A1 B1 C2 D2
それと同時に氷のように冷たい物が、たった今平手がさわったと思うところから、胸の底深く染み込んだ。
A cold feeling like ice came up from the bottom of his breast from where Jingoro put his hand.
A1 B1 C2 D2
何とも知れぬ温い物が逆に胸から咽へのぼった。甘利は気が遠くなった。
Then a warm feeling beyond words rose from his breast to his throat. Amari felt overwhelmed.
A1 B1 C2 D1
三河勢の手に余った甘利をたやすく討ち果たして、髻（もとどり）をしるしに切り取った甚五郎は、鼠（むささび）のように身軽に、小山城を脱けて出て、従兄源太夫が浜松の邸に帰った。
Jingoro got Amari out of the control of Mikawa, and escaped Oyama castle like a mouse, and came back to the house of Gendayu in Hamamatsu.
A2 B1 C2 D1
家康は約束どおり甚五郎を召し出したが、目見えの時一言も甘利の事を言わなんだ。
Ieyasu called Jingoro as promised, but didn’t say anything about Amari to him.
A2 B1 C2 D1
蜂谷の一族は甚五郎の帰参を快くは思わぬが、大殿の思召しをかれこれ言うことはできなかった。
The family of Hachiya saw the old master Jingoro as distasteful, but they received the will of Ieyasu without a word.
A1 B2 C2 D1
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
To make a database of Jingoro Sahashi of Ogai Mori and its deviation 8
◆ Scene 2 To gamble
Table 2
Original sentence/translation
源太夫はこういう話をした。甚五郎は鷺を撃つとき蜂谷と賭をした。蜂谷は身につけているものを何なりとも賭けようと言った。
Gendayu talked as follows. Jingoro made a bet with Hachiya on shooting the heron. Hachiya said that he would bet anything that he had at the time.
A2 B1 C2 D2
甚五郎は運よく鷺を撃ったので、ふだん望みをかけていた蜂谷の大小をもらおうと言った。
Jingoro luckily shot the heron and said that he would wanted Hachiya’s short and long swords.
A2 B1 C2 D2
それもただもらうのではない。代わりに自分の大小をやろうというのである。
He would exchange his swords with Hachiya.
A2 B1 C2 D2
しかし蜂谷は、この金熨斗（きんのし）付きの大小は蜂谷家で由緒のある品だからやらぬと言った。
But Hachiya would not hand the swords over as these had the gold emblem which were noble goods of the Hachiya family.
A2 B1 C2 D2
甚五郎はきかなんだ。「武士は誓言をしたからは、一命をもすてる。よしや由緒があろうとも、おぬしの身に着けている物の中で、わしが望むのは大小ばかりじゃ。ぜひくれい」と言った。
Jingoro snapped back at Hachiya and said, “if any samurai gives his word, he must give his life to honor it. Even if they are precious, I shall get those swords. Please give hand them over.”
A2 B1 C2 D2
「いや、そうはならぬ。命ならいかにも棄ちょう。家の重宝は命にも換えられぬ」と蜂谷は言った。
“No, I can’t do that. I can give my life, but I can’t hand over these swords as long as I’m living.”, said Hachiya.
A2 B1 C1 D2
「誓言を反古（ほご）にする犬侍め」と甚五郎がののしると、蜂谷は怒って刀を抜こうとした。
“You are the dishonorable samurai who went back on your word.” When Jingoro said this, Hachiya became angry and was prepared to draw his sword. 2 1 2 2
甚五郎は当身を食わせた。
Jingoro snapped back at Hachiya.
A2 B1 C2 D2
それきり蜂谷は息を吹き返さなかった。
After that Hachiya was not seen alive again.
A1 B1 C2 D1
平生何事か言い出すとあとへ引かぬ甚五郎は、とうとう蜂谷の大小を取って、自分の大小を代りに残して立ち退いたというのである。
Jingoro took the small and large swords of Hachiya, and left his in their place.
A2 B1 C2 D1
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
Table 2
Original sentence/translation
源太夫はこういう話をした。甚五郎は鷺を撃つとき蜂谷と賭をした。蜂谷は身につけているものを何なりとも賭けようと言った。
Gendayu talked as follows. Jingoro made a bet with Hachiya on shooting the heron. Hachiya said that he would bet anything that he had at the time.
A2 B1 C2 D2
甚五郎は運よく鷺を撃ったので、ふだん望みをかけていた蜂谷の大小をもらおうと言った。
Jingoro luckily shot the heron and said that he would wanted Hachiya’s short and long swords.
A2 B1 C2 D2
それもただもらうのではない。代わりに自分の大小をやろうというのである。
He would exchange his swords with Hachiya.
A2 B1 C2 D2
しかし蜂谷は、この金熨斗（きんのし）付きの大小は蜂谷家で由緒のある品だからやらぬと言った。
But Hachiya would not hand the swords over as these had the gold emblem which were noble goods of the Hachiya family.
A2 B1 C2 D2
甚五郎はきかなんだ。「武士は誓言をしたからは、一命をもすてる。よしや由緒があろうとも、おぬしの身に着けている物の中で、わしが望むのは大小ばかりじゃ。ぜひくれい」と言った。
Jingoro snapped back at Hachiya and said, “if any samurai gives his word, he must give his life to honor it. Even if they are precious, I shall get those swords. Please give hand them over.”
A2 B1 C2 D2
「いや、そうはならぬ。命ならいかにも棄ちょう。家の重宝は命にも換えられぬ」と蜂谷は言った。
“No, I can’t do that. I can give my life, but I can’t hand over these swords as long as I’m living.”, said Hachiya.
A2 B1 C1 D2
「誓言を反古（ほご）にする犬侍め」と甚五郎がののしると、蜂谷は怒って刀を抜こうとした。
“You are the dishonorable samurai who went back on your word.” When Jingoro said this, Hachiya became angry and was prepared to draw his sword. 2 1 2 2
甚五郎は当身を食わせた。
Jingoro snapped back at Hachiya.
A2 B1 C2 D2
それきり蜂谷は息を吹き返さなかった。
After that Hachiya was not seen alive again.
A1 B1 C2 D1
平生何事か言い出すとあとへ引かぬ甚五郎は、とうとう蜂谷の大小を取って、自分の大小を代りに残して立ち退いたというのである。
Jingoro took the small and large swords of Hachiya, and left his in their place.
A2 B1 C2 D1
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
To make a database of Jingoro Sahashi of Ogai Mori and its deviation 7
◆ Scene 1 To shoot a heron
Table 1
Original sentence/translation
とある広い沼のはるか向うに、鷺が一羽おりていた。銀色に光る水が一筋うねっている側の黒ずんだ土の上に、鷺は綿を一つまみ投げたように見えている。
A heron wades in a large pond. It looks like cotton on the darkish ground where the silver water lightly waves.
A1 B2 C2 D2
ふと小姓の一人が、あれが撃てるだろうかと言い出したが、衆議は所詮打てぬということにきまった。
An apprentice challenged whether one can shoot it, but everyone thought it was impossible.
A1 B1 C2 D1
甚五郎は最初黙って聞いていたが、皆が撃てぬと言い切ったあとで、独り言のように「なに撃てぬにも限らぬ」とつぶやいた。
First Jingoro stood in the silence, but since everyone said it was impossible, he then murmured to himself, ”I could shoot it.”
2 2 1 2
それを蜂谷という小姓が聞き咎めて、「おぬし一人がそう思うなら、撃ってみるがよい」と言った。
A fellow apprentice named Hachiya heard this and said, “if you think you can, try to shoot it.”
A1 B1 C1 D2
「随分撃ってみてもよいが、何か賭けるか」と甚五郎が言うと、蜂谷が「今ここに持っている物をなんでも賭きょう」と言った。
Jingoro said confidently, “I can absolutely shoot it” while Hachiya said, “I bet you anything that I have you can’t.”
A2 B1 C2 D2
「よし、そんなら撃ってみる」と言って、甚五郎は信康の前に出て許しを請うた。
Jingoro said, “I can shoot it.” and he approached Nobuyasu for permission.
A2 B1 C2 D2
信康は興ある事と思って、足軽に持たせていた鉄砲を取り寄せて甚五郎に渡した。
Nobuyasu was interested and retrieved a gun for solders and handed it to Jingoro.
A1 B1 C2 D2
「あたるもあたらぬも運じゃ。はずれたら笑うまいぞ」甚五郎はこう言っておいて、少しもためらわずに撃ち放した。
Jingoro said, “whether I can hit it or not depends on luck.” and did it without hesitation.
A2 B1 C2 D1
上下こぞって息をつめて見ていた鷺は、羽を広げて飛び立ちそうに見えたが、そのまま黒ずんだ土の上に、綿一つまみほどの白い形をして残った。
The people stared intently at the heron which seemed like it was going to fly off, but it remained as a white shape like cotton against the dark ground.
A1 B1 C2 D1
信康を始めとして、一同覚えず声をあげてほめた。田舟を借りて鷺を取りに行く足軽をあとに残して、一同は館へ帰った。
After hitting the heron, everyone cheered including Nobuyasu . The party remained while the foot soldier borrowed a boat and retrieved the heron, and they returned home together.
A1 B1 C2 D1
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
Table 1
Original sentence/translation
とある広い沼のはるか向うに、鷺が一羽おりていた。銀色に光る水が一筋うねっている側の黒ずんだ土の上に、鷺は綿を一つまみ投げたように見えている。
A heron wades in a large pond. It looks like cotton on the darkish ground where the silver water lightly waves.
A1 B2 C2 D2
ふと小姓の一人が、あれが撃てるだろうかと言い出したが、衆議は所詮打てぬということにきまった。
An apprentice challenged whether one can shoot it, but everyone thought it was impossible.
A1 B1 C2 D1
甚五郎は最初黙って聞いていたが、皆が撃てぬと言い切ったあとで、独り言のように「なに撃てぬにも限らぬ」とつぶやいた。
First Jingoro stood in the silence, but since everyone said it was impossible, he then murmured to himself, ”I could shoot it.”
2 2 1 2
それを蜂谷という小姓が聞き咎めて、「おぬし一人がそう思うなら、撃ってみるがよい」と言った。
A fellow apprentice named Hachiya heard this and said, “if you think you can, try to shoot it.”
A1 B1 C1 D2
「随分撃ってみてもよいが、何か賭けるか」と甚五郎が言うと、蜂谷が「今ここに持っている物をなんでも賭きょう」と言った。
Jingoro said confidently, “I can absolutely shoot it” while Hachiya said, “I bet you anything that I have you can’t.”
A2 B1 C2 D2
「よし、そんなら撃ってみる」と言って、甚五郎は信康の前に出て許しを請うた。
Jingoro said, “I can shoot it.” and he approached Nobuyasu for permission.
A2 B1 C2 D2
信康は興ある事と思って、足軽に持たせていた鉄砲を取り寄せて甚五郎に渡した。
Nobuyasu was interested and retrieved a gun for solders and handed it to Jingoro.
A1 B1 C2 D2
「あたるもあたらぬも運じゃ。はずれたら笑うまいぞ」甚五郎はこう言っておいて、少しもためらわずに撃ち放した。
Jingoro said, “whether I can hit it or not depends on luck.” and did it without hesitation.
A2 B1 C2 D1
上下こぞって息をつめて見ていた鷺は、羽を広げて飛び立ちそうに見えたが、そのまま黒ずんだ土の上に、綿一つまみほどの白い形をして残った。
The people stared intently at the heron which seemed like it was going to fly off, but it remained as a white shape like cotton against the dark ground.
A1 B1 C2 D1
信康を始めとして、一同覚えず声をあげてほめた。田舟を借りて鷺を取りに行く足軽をあとに残して、一同は館へ帰った。
After hitting the heron, everyone cheered including Nobuyasu . The party remained while the foot soldier borrowed a boat and retrieved the heron, and they returned home together.
A1 B1 C2 D1
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
To make a database of Jingoro Sahashi of Ogai Mori and its deviation 6
4 To analyze the image of a scene
4.1 Extraction of data
I will extract columns with two characteristics from the database to investigate the variations by standard deviation. For example, I extract the columns of arts and science two by two as follows. A: thought stream (1 inducement from outside to inside, 2 emergence from inside to outside), B: gesture (1 ostension, 2 metaphor), C: cognitive process of information (1 old information, 2 new information), D: cognitive process of information (1 problem resolution, 2 unresolved problem).
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
4.1 Extraction of data
I will extract columns with two characteristics from the database to investigate the variations by standard deviation. For example, I extract the columns of arts and science two by two as follows. A: thought stream (1 inducement from outside to inside, 2 emergence from inside to outside), B: gesture (1 ostension, 2 metaphor), C: cognitive process of information (1 old information, 2 new information), D: cognitive process of information (1 problem resolution, 2 unresolved problem).
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
To make a database of Jingoro Sahashi of Ogai Mori and its deviation 5
3.2 Standard deviation
Standard deviation determines the variations by all values in a group into consideration. The size of the variations is determined by how far the arithmetic average is away from individual values in a group.
The arithmetic average of group D (1, 1, 4, 7, 7）is 4. When one subtracts the arithmetic average from each value, then the solution is (1-4 = -3), (1-4 = -3), (4-4=0), (7-4=3) and (7-4=3). When one averages the deviation of values from the arithmetic average, the rough standard of variations can be obtained. But when one adds -3, -3, 0, 3, 3, then the solution is 0. Therefore, it becomes an ingenuity again.
For example, there is a method to take the absolute value of a number or square of a number and to then delete the minus sign. When squaring, the solution is 9, 9, 0, 9, 9, and the average is 7.2 by dividing by 5. However, when the original unit is cm, then it is cm2 by squaring, therefore, one extracts 7.2 and restores it, then the size of variation comes to √7.2 cm2≒2.68 cm.
(1) Formula of standard deviation
σ＝√Σ (Xi−X)2／n
Next, by looking at group E (1, 4, 4, 4, 7), the arithmetic average is 4. When one subtracts the arithmetic average from each value, the values are (1-4 = -3), (4-4 = 0), (4-4 = 0), (4-4 = 0) and (7-4=3). When one averages the size of deviation from the arithmetic average, the rough standard of variations can be obtained. But when one adds -3, 0, 0, 0, 3, then the solution is 0. Therefore, we square each value and average the values to get an average of 3.6 (by dividing by 5).
However, when the original unit is cm, it becomes cm2 by squaring, therefore we extract 3.6 and restore it, then the size of variations is √3.6 cm2≒1.89 cm. Therefore, group D is bigger than group E in terms of variations.
Below, I will examine the characteristics seen from the relational database of “Jingoro Sahashi” by using the standard deviation formula.
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
Standard deviation determines the variations by all values in a group into consideration. The size of the variations is determined by how far the arithmetic average is away from individual values in a group.
The arithmetic average of group D (1, 1, 4, 7, 7）is 4. When one subtracts the arithmetic average from each value, then the solution is (1-4 = -3), (1-4 = -3), (4-4=0), (7-4=3) and (7-4=3). When one averages the deviation of values from the arithmetic average, the rough standard of variations can be obtained. But when one adds -3, -3, 0, 3, 3, then the solution is 0. Therefore, it becomes an ingenuity again.
For example, there is a method to take the absolute value of a number or square of a number and to then delete the minus sign. When squaring, the solution is 9, 9, 0, 9, 9, and the average is 7.2 by dividing by 5. However, when the original unit is cm, then it is cm2 by squaring, therefore, one extracts 7.2 and restores it, then the size of variation comes to √7.2 cm2≒2.68 cm.
(1) Formula of standard deviation
σ＝√Σ (Xi−X)2／n
Next, by looking at group E (1, 4, 4, 4, 7), the arithmetic average is 4. When one subtracts the arithmetic average from each value, the values are (1-4 = -3), (4-4 = 0), (4-4 = 0), (4-4 = 0) and (7-4=3). When one averages the size of deviation from the arithmetic average, the rough standard of variations can be obtained. But when one adds -3, 0, 0, 0, 3, then the solution is 0. Therefore, we square each value and average the values to get an average of 3.6 (by dividing by 5).
However, when the original unit is cm, it becomes cm2 by squaring, therefore we extract 3.6 and restore it, then the size of variations is √3.6 cm2≒1.89 cm. Therefore, group D is bigger than group E in terms of variations.
Below, I will examine the characteristics seen from the relational database of “Jingoro Sahashi” by using the standard deviation formula.
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
To make a database of Jingoro Sahashi of Ogai Mori and its deviation 4
3 Easy statistical processing
3.1 Variations of data
If we took a group A (5, 5, 5, 5, 5), group B (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) and group C (1, 3, 5, 7, 9), the arithmetic average would be 5 and the median value also 5. If these three groups were based on the arithmetic average and median value as representative value, they would be the exact same. But obviously if we consider variations, there is a difference.
Group A is all 5, therefore there is no variation. In group B 5 is in the middle, therefore there are variations between 3 and 7. Group C has a broader range of variations between 1 and 9. Group B is smaller than group C in terms of variations.
If we additionally consider group D (1, 1, 4, 7, 7) and group E (1, 4, 4, 4, 7), which group is bigger in terms of variations? Group D has four values at a point distant from the center 4. Group E has three values in the center and two values around that.
The range and standard deviation are the most common methods to define the size of variations. Range is found by subtracting the maximum from the minimum in a group. Group D’s range is 6 (7-1=6) and group E is also 6 (7-1=6). If we were to define the variations only by the range here, group D and group E are identical. However, since this only concerns the maximum and the minimum, all other values are ignored. Let’s examine the other common variation method called the standard deviation below.
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
3.1 Variations of data
If we took a group A (5, 5, 5, 5, 5), group B (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) and group C (1, 3, 5, 7, 9), the arithmetic average would be 5 and the median value also 5. If these three groups were based on the arithmetic average and median value as representative value, they would be the exact same. But obviously if we consider variations, there is a difference.
Group A is all 5, therefore there is no variation. In group B 5 is in the middle, therefore there are variations between 3 and 7. Group C has a broader range of variations between 1 and 9. Group B is smaller than group C in terms of variations.
If we additionally consider group D (1, 1, 4, 7, 7) and group E (1, 4, 4, 4, 7), which group is bigger in terms of variations? Group D has four values at a point distant from the center 4. Group E has three values in the center and two values around that.
The range and standard deviation are the most common methods to define the size of variations. Range is found by subtracting the maximum from the minimum in a group. Group D’s range is 6 (7-1=6) and group E is also 6 (7-1=6). If we were to define the variations only by the range here, group D and group E are identical. However, since this only concerns the maximum and the minimum, all other values are ignored. Let’s examine the other common variation method called the standard deviation below.
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
To make a database of Jingoro Sahashi of Ogai Mori and its deviation 3
4 His desire was also unsatisfied here. Therefore, a feeling of discomfort came over him and an emotion appeared. Such adaptive behavior raises because the process to valuate a biological significance of external stimulus is working. Jingoro seemed apparently hurt. After 24 years Jingoro masqueraded as a servitor coming from Korea and appeared in front of Ieyasu again.
5 The emotion is closely related to the cerebral limbic system inside the cerebrum. Especially, the amygdala is the most important part here. The hypothalamic area fiber connecting to the amygdala and central substance of the mid-brain fiber connecting to the hypothalamic area are also concerned with the expression of emotion. For example, this is where responses of the autonomic nervous system (heart rate, breathing and change of blood pressure) and external conditions (freezing and escape, attack by angry) arise. In other words, the amygdala, hypothalamic area and central substance of the mid-brain are the areas of brain related to emotions.
[Rules of summarizing]
* A summary is seen as four parts: introduction, development, turn and conclusion.
* Finding six or seven keywords in a paragraph.
* Seeking central sentences in a paragraph.
* Summarizing a paragraph around the central sentences while considering the 5W1H as much as possible. Keywords are connected by verbs and particles.
* Considering the theme and rhema. For example, “gamble something” is a theme and “shoot the heron” and “request small and large swords” are a rhema.
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
5 The emotion is closely related to the cerebral limbic system inside the cerebrum. Especially, the amygdala is the most important part here. The hypothalamic area fiber connecting to the amygdala and central substance of the mid-brain fiber connecting to the hypothalamic area are also concerned with the expression of emotion. For example, this is where responses of the autonomic nervous system (heart rate, breathing and change of blood pressure) and external conditions (freezing and escape, attack by angry) arise. In other words, the amygdala, hypothalamic area and central substance of the mid-brain are the areas of brain related to emotions.
[Rules of summarizing]
* A summary is seen as four parts: introduction, development, turn and conclusion.
* Finding six or seven keywords in a paragraph.
* Seeking central sentences in a paragraph.
* Summarizing a paragraph around the central sentences while considering the 5W1H as much as possible. Keywords are connected by verbs and particles.
* Considering the theme and rhema. For example, “gamble something” is a theme and “shoot the heron” and “request small and large swords” are a rhema.
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳 translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura
To make a database of Jingoro Sahashi of Ogai Mori and its deviation 2
2 “Jingoro Sahashi” is emergence
1 Jingoro Sahashi was an apprentice who serves Ieyasu’s son named Nobuyasu. He was quick in action and excelled in military art. His performance was skilled and he played the flute very well. When Nobuyasu went off to attend something, Jingoro got into a dispute with another apprentice Hachiya about whether or not one could shoot a heron in a pond. Therefore, they made a bet, and Jingoro was able to shoot the heron. Jingoro then requested some small and large swords from Hachiya, but Hachiya rejected it. The next day Hachiya was found dead even though he had no wounds, and Jingoro was missing. But actually Jingoro was hiding in the country, and his cousin Gendayu Sahashi told Ieyasu about the situation.
2 The responsibility of a samurai is described in the novel. If the thought process is from internal to external, the brain activity is seen as emergence. The appetite of Jingoro was unsatisfied because Hachiya rejected it. When one does not get what they want, one gets angry and the emotion raises. Such emergence persuades him to act aggressively.
3 Ieyasu understood the situation and told it to Gendayu. He would let Jingoro put down Shirozaburo Amari as a servitor. Jingoro put down Amari at Oyama castle like a bump on the eyes. But he didn’t get any acclaim. Besides he was passed on in terms of the messenger to the Hashiba family in Osaka because he was treated kindly by Amari. After that he didn’t stop by the house of Gendayu anymore and lost all trace.
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳
1 Jingoro Sahashi was an apprentice who serves Ieyasu’s son named Nobuyasu. He was quick in action and excelled in military art. His performance was skilled and he played the flute very well. When Nobuyasu went off to attend something, Jingoro got into a dispute with another apprentice Hachiya about whether or not one could shoot a heron in a pond. Therefore, they made a bet, and Jingoro was able to shoot the heron. Jingoro then requested some small and large swords from Hachiya, but Hachiya rejected it. The next day Hachiya was found dead even though he had no wounds, and Jingoro was missing. But actually Jingoro was hiding in the country, and his cousin Gendayu Sahashi told Ieyasu about the situation.
2 The responsibility of a samurai is described in the novel. If the thought process is from internal to external, the brain activity is seen as emergence. The appetite of Jingoro was unsatisfied because Hachiya rejected it. When one does not get what they want, one gets angry and the emotion raises. Such emergence persuades him to act aggressively.
3 Ieyasu understood the situation and told it to Gendayu. He would let Jingoro put down Shirozaburo Amari as a servitor. Jingoro put down Amari at Oyama castle like a bump on the eyes. But he didn’t get any acclaim. Besides he was passed on in terms of the messenger to the Hashiba family in Osaka because he was treated kindly by Amari. After that he didn’t stop by the house of Gendayu anymore and lost all trace.
花村嘉英（2017）「日本語教育のためのプログラム」より英訳
