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　I see an author as a kind of expert, and wrote a paper about the risk avoidance seen in a novel. Generally speaking, an author sometimes sounds the alarm as an expert. For example, Luxun wrote a novel to help Chinese people from a mental disease called ma-ma-hu-hu, Ogai wrote historical novels to leave the universality after Emperor Meiji and General Maresuke Nogi died, and Thomas Mann wrote his novels and articles fearing that German development would stop in the first quarter-century of the 20th century.
　The appreciation of micro research is directed to personal devise, while the macro research analyzes that the brain activity of an author is something specific when he is writing a novel. This is called a synergic metaphor. Thus, I devised three examples, Thomas Mann and fuzzy, Luxun and chaos and Ogai Mori and feelings.
　1/ 2/ 3 are the process of acceptance reading, while 4 is the former and the latter of cognitive science, 5/ 6 ties the image together with heterogeneous C, 7 looks for the brain activity of an author, and 8 arrives at a synergic metaphor.

1　While analyzing each sentence, I pursue the intellectual property of the selected author. For example, I select a simple reading sample like writing style at the stage of acceptance, and look for heterogeneous C concerning the intellectual property at the stage of synergy. This is performed in steps 2 and 3.

2 I make a comparison table to get a comprehensive image.

3 I make a combination from the analysis of the text excerpt. For example, Thomas Mann is “irony and fuzzy” and Luxun is “ma-ma-fu-fu (leisurely) and memory” and Ogai Mori is “feeling and behavior”. If I couldn’t find any combination, I start over from step 1.

4 I confirm the former and the latter of cognitive process.

5 I consider the flow of the situation in the text, and divide the problem-solving scenario into resolved or unresolved.

6 The resolved scene arrives at heterogeneous C, then returns to the analytic image. The brain activity of an author is strong in a problem-solving scenario.

7 The theme is the risk avoidance and decision-making part which an expert a given area imagines. I will make a point of the risk avoidance in the presence of a problem (emergency landing, emergency medical care, stock market and earthquake disaster etc.) to connect to the generative image. I then consider the decision-making of an author from there.

8 I can make a synergic metaphor that is seen as the brain activity of an author. “Gordimer and motivation” is an ensemble of combinations based on the synergy of a text and the macro method considering the literature. The method incorporates the study of global scale and the shift of format of literary analysis.

花村嘉英（2018）「『ブルジョワ世界の終わりに』から見たゴーディマの意欲について」より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

3　Micro and macro

During the peak of apartheid when Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd governed South Africa, the citizens of the state were very strongly constrained. Even if one had any motivation and plan, one couldn’t act on it due to the given circumstances.
The African National Congress, Pan-African Conference and African resistance movement attempted to overturn this. Many activists were apprehended during simultaneous nationwide raids in July, 1964. A leader of the African resistance movement, Max also participated. The African resistance movement was sprung from his writings and statements and he was consequently sentenced to ten years in prison.
Max changed jobs too frequently and fell victim to the sabotage of white people and was arrested at an early stage. Finally he was sentenced to death, and therefore could never adapt to society.
Life is filled with important life events and stress causes adjustment disorder, but personal important events (school attendance, independence, removal, marriage, divorce, unemployment and critical illness etc.) became the main cause of the disorder. The personality, the conceptual habit and the feeling of stress have a lot of influence. Anyone grows anxious and nervous and melancholy from terrible events. Adjustment disorder reacts strongly to stress and leads to specific symptoms appearing.
“Space and time” that expresses an impossible unlimited situation becomes adaptive ability during motivation. The comprehensive ability leads to the far-sighted risk avoidance of Gordimer. An author is also an expert and has the specific brain ability of writing a novel. Generally speaking, space is dealt with by the right side of the brain, and time is related to right and left side because it creates a sensory and logical image.

[Story of L]

◇acceptance: language and literature (Gordimer) → acknowledgment (language) → space and time (endlessness)
◇synergy: space and time →acknowledgment (information) → motivation and intelligence (risk avoidance and adaptive ability)

Just like social science and natural science, I make the analysis of micro and macro research for literature. Micro study is a particular field of contrastive linguistics, and macro is a global magnitude (north, south, east and west) and the shift of the research format. The shift of research format is the format L that deforms an inverted T of cognitive science extensively. The vertical axis is linguistic acknowledgment and the horizontal axis is information acknowledgement. Both axes are researched at the same time.

花村嘉英（2018）「『ブルジョワ世界の終わりに』から見たゴーディマの意欲について」より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

　Thought reaches realistic judgement according to circumstances in the stream of mental activity that appears when a problem is given. Hanamura (2015) searches conscious, unconscious and thought aspects for “A Madman’s Diary” and “The True Story of Ah Q” of Luxun. Consequently, I could make the same synergic metaphor analysis for “Luxun and chaos”.
　Motivation is the will that motivates a behavior. When one goes into action, their desire, impulse and wish becomes the motivation. Motivation accommodates the will and desire that control the behavior and means the mentation to act on things positively. For example appetite, sex and sleep.
　Judgement defines truth and falsity, right and wrong, beautiful and ugly. Intelligence expresses the ability that human beings adapt to circumstances and encompasses overall mental ability like understanding, thought and judgement. Intelligence disorder is seen in mental delay and dementia.
　This paper focuses on “motivation and adaptive ability” and considers the brain activity of Gordimer. In South Africa during the 1960s when Gordimer wrote “The Late Bourgeois World” was a time of harsh repression. Even if one had any adaptive ability, they couldn’t use it in politics and law. Therefore, the motivation is strong in the action of the mind, and the activity of the prefrontal cortex (including will) becomes a point of contention. The frontal association area also integrates memory information from the temporal cortex, partial lobe of the cerebrum and the occipital lobe.

花村嘉英（2018）「『ブルジョワ世界の終わりに』から見たゴーディマの意欲について」より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

　From the very start I was interested in language and memory, and focused on the hippocampus of the temporal lobe by using “The True Story of Ah Q” of Luxun (1922). (Hanamura 2015)
　Luxun’s style of writing is calm and unhurried, and he mostly wrote short stories and essays. In Ah Q, the analysis image is a combination of “memory and ma-ma-hu-hu (human irresponsibility including fraudulent behavior)”. To adjust it to the generative image of “memory and chaos”, I will repeat the analysis and generation of L-model in working units of a scenario. And I can identify an unpredictable behavior (non-linearity) of the cheering crowd and the indeterminism from the approximate input information to two very different outputs between the cart driver and Ah Q (the initial value sensibility).
　The hippocampus is a group of neurons that is right behind the brain cortex which covers the temporal lobe and is string shaped like the character “S” and contains many cells. A receptor takes a neurotransmitter from the previous synapse on every part of brain in the neuron system and changes it into an electric signal, and the signal transmits from the tip of the synapse to the next neuron. The temporal cortex also has a function of auditory sensory.
　Feelings include the emotions of instinct and a feeling of awe. On the temporal side, the emotion is instantaneous and the awe is continuous. Feelings have multiple faces like delight, anger, sorrow and pleasure. The emotion is attributable to the reaction by the internal factor (emergence) and external factor (inducement). Hanamura (2017) explains that the historical novels of Ogai Mori include thought of internal factor and external factor, and “Sansho the Bailiff” is the inducement. I make a database analyzing synergic metaphors of “Ogai and feelings” to understand the activity of his brain through writing.

花村嘉英（2018）「『ブルジョワ世界の終わりに』から見たゴーディマの意欲について」より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

2　Human mental ability

　Human mental ability includes language, memory, feelings, thought, motivation, judgement and intelligence (adaptive ability), which collectively are called “mental expression”. These activities are generally created by brain.
　When one takes a look at each part of the brain, the prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe controls human brain activity, for example, purposefulness, planning, motivation and feelings, and aids with movement of the upper frontal lobe and language pronunciation near the temporal lobe. The parietal lobe controls sensory information and somatic sense runs along the border with the frontal lobe and controls the sensation in the skin, like touch and pain in internal organs etc. Furthermore, there is the taste sense on the border of the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe deals with the function of sight.

Table 1　Division of roles of the brain cortex

Division：Frontal lobe, frontal association area,
Roles：Thought, purposefulness, planning, motivation, feelings, judgement and self-repression.
Division：Frontal lobe, movement association area
Roles：This area plans the start of movement and the procedure. The instruction of movement originates here.
Somatosensory area：This area controls the sense of touch and pain and deep sense.
Vertex area：This area integrates the information of judgement, understanding and sense.
Temporal lobe, auditory area：This area controls audio information.
Temporal association cortex：Knowledge, memory, language understanding.
Visual association area：Judgement and cognition of visual information.
Visual area：Reception of visual information.
Broca’s area：Expression of language：writing and speech
Wernicke’s area：Understanding of language：reading and listening.

花村嘉英（2018）「『ブルジョワ世界の終わりに』から見たゴーディマの意欲について」より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

1 Motivation of Nadine Gordimer

　The anti-apartheid movement of South Africa collapsed in the 1950s. But Nadine Gordimer (1923-2014) asked herself how white people can engage in the revolution, and felt the pinch of the domestic current situation against the stream of the world and had the desire to engage in the revolution in some form. Such thinking of the author led me to stipulate that the revolution was the far-sighted risk avoidance of South Africa.
When the liberalism of white people was in palmy days, the appeal was insufficient. The reform recommendation of that time could be justified in the present day. Even if one has the motivation, the mind will go around in circles from external factors. Such a mind could be expressed only by the combination of “space and time”.
　However, medical expressions complement it. The prefrontal cortex controls, more generally, the motivation, and the adaptive ability that links to the prefrontal cortex is expressed by the function of the entire brain. To consider the adaptive ability concerning “space and time” that Gordimer used to express endlessness, it is better to consider not only the function of prefrontal cortex but also the entire brain, that is, the function of every part of the body.
　The novel by Gordimer that this paper is based on, speaks about one day of the hero’s past and Max’s suicide holds the key. Any present stress disorder must have appeared by the time of his suicide. For example, even if one had the motivation, the adaption to society is inhibited by the restriction of politics and law. Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) was also incarcerated for about 27 years.

花村嘉英（2018）「『ブルジョワ世界の終わりに』から見たゴーディマの意欲について」より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

6　Summary

　 In future studies, I will raise the number of authors I examine. I will form an impression of north, south, east, and west or Olympic in consideration of the balance of global scale. If I could link not only different romans of an author but also different authors by compiling databases, the synergic metaphor could improve my analytical ability, because through it, I could see the unexpected thing. When I study literature at the macro level, the global scale and the shift of format become necessary and sufficient conditions.

Literature

Yoshihisa Hanamura How to make a synergic metaphor-Thomas Mann, Luxun, Ogai Mori, Nadine Gordimer and Yasushi Inoue (in Japanese). 2018
（Hanamura（2018）"How to make a synergic metaphor"より）

5　Merits of synergic memory

　The research to study the writing brain of an author needs: 1, the L shaped narrative; 2, a database; 3, the evaluation; and 4, data handling. However, it is difficult to cover the analysis of a full roman. The first condition, therefore, is to select three out of the four requirements (1, 2, and 3 or 1, 2, or 4). One can then summarize the research of the brain of an author. I will encapsulate the merit of synergic metaphors as follows:

【Merit】
・ When one analyzes the writing brain of an author, the standard reading becomes very important.
・ One can view the creation of a database as the repeated reading of a roman, therefore a person can acquire the equivalent of a foreign language.
・ One can see the invisible thing through the database, therefore analytical objectivity increases.
・ If during one's investigation, a researcher considers not only the first column but also the second one, the analysis becomes denser.
・ If the database of each author can be linked, the analysis is expected to become more advanced in its quality.
・ One can compute statistics by the data analysis.
・ When one can acquire a quantitative measure, the body of knowledge about the cognitive science of language and literature will increase.

　For example, in adapting a synergic metaphor to the acquisition of a foreign language, one inputs the original into the column A in sequence. When the record is complete, the researcher can paste figures into the columns pertaining to the interpreting mind and the writing brain by reading the original of each line. This can provide a conception of L other than the accepted understanding. A synergic metaphor can thus be seen as an instance of repeated reading.

Hanamura（2018）"How to make a synergic metaphor"より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

4 Commentaries of My Mother by Yasushi Inoue (1975)

　Yasushi Inoue's (1907–1991) Commentaries of My Mother describes the illness and subsequent death of the author/narrator's mother. The novel explores the trials and tribulations a family undergoes as it tries to support and care for a patient with dementia. Therefore, the output of reading becomes the combination of “dementia and adaptive ability.” This term then becomes the input signal and proceeds into the writing brain of the author through the information cognition. Yasushi Inoue's narrative describes human relations and events with a lot of sensitivity and each scene can be visualized. The writing brain may be perceived as “memory and balance of association cortex.” Commentaries of My Mother can be divided into three parts depending on the degree of the severity of the author/narrator's mother's dementia.
　The first part introduces the initial symptoms of dementia. The protagonist's mother is 80 years old and very forgetful. She says the same thing repeatedly. When she moves to her youngest daughter's house, the symptoms are very active. She talks over and over again about the clever brothers of her relatives many times in one night. However such light dementia does not pose a great problem for her daily life.
In the second part, the narrator's mother is 85 years old and lives in her hometown. She repeatedly iterates the same thing as something new and the extraordinariness of her utterances explains the progress of her dementia. At this stage, an example of her dementia is the hallucination of the woman who asked for directions one summer in Karuisawa. There is also the episode where she wanders away on a moonlit night to look for her son. As her dementia advances to a medium degree of severity, communication with her becomes difficult.
The narrator's mother turns the advanced old age of 89 years in the third part. In one incident, she wakes up, turns on a flashlight, and enters the room. She whispers to her granddaughter Yoshiko, that “she can’t go out anymore.” She thinks she is confined to the room. Immediately after she has had her breakfast, she assumes evening has come. The family is also pulled into her increasing wandering episodes. Her dementia becomes very serious and the life of her family is brought to the brink of collapse.
　The neuron nerve fibers in the brains of patients with dementia atrophy and the information cannot be transferred smoothly. In time, the neurons of the receptors will be damaged and information cannot be adequately communicated. The dietary intake of acetylcholine essentially becomes insufficient and communication areas and other symptoms of the disease manifest themselves. The type of dementia suffered by the author/narrator's mother is Alzheimer’s disease. This is the most common form of dementia and the memory defects of not being able to remember experiences is often accompanied by abnormal behavior.
If the output of the reading brain “dementia and adaptive ability” is put together with “memory and balance of association cortex” seen as the writing brain, the resulting synergic metaphor would come into effect. I will consider how to balance the brain as in the section that follows.
　The balance of the brain is portrayed in various colors like the writing style and the idea of life and work also becomes training. The steering of neuron networks to combine the association cortex is dealt with by the frontal cortex. If I could find the general brain activity near the balance of the brain of Yasushi Inoue, I can assume a synergic metaphor such as “Yasushi Inoue and balance of association cortex.”
　As I said in my discussing pertaining to Gordimer's The Late Bourgeois World, the steering of the frontal cortex differs between men and women. Men like the dependent type of adaptive decision-making and they activate the left prefrontal cortex in the process. When they deal with language information, men tend to activate the anterior and posterior of the left hemisphere in the brain. Men’s white matter fiber bundle to combine the anterior and posterior of one cerebral hemisphere is relatively large, and the functional integrity is particularly noteworthy (please see table 3).
　The author lets familiar information integrate with the association areas of the frontal cortex (thoughts, planning, and decision), the temporal cortex (hearing) and the occipital lobe (eyesight) and wrote the novel from the perspective of a member of the geriatric patient's family. Custom and familiar information are activated by the left frontal cortex, while unexperienced problems such as originality are related to the right hemisphere. The right frontal cortex is activated as a result. There is a 2ｘ2 rule to adjust the macro balance. I will resolve the problem by the use of dichotomy because the L format of the synergic metaphor consists of an ensemble.
　The writing brain of Commentaries of My Mother is that of the adaptive decision-making based on the narrator's priority to avoid the risk of the breakup of his family. The male author prefers the dependent type of adaptive decision-making and his left hemisphere is utilized to deal with language information in conjunction with the activity of the left prefrontal area, which is activated off and on. When I consider the type of memory displayed in the novel from the database, while there are many long memories described, the narrator's decision-making is the adaptive type based on his priority. Therefore, the operative recall is related to his working memory.

Hanamura（2018）"How to make a synergic metaphor"より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

　When Gordimer explains insurmountable mental conditions, she uses medical expressions to resolve the problem. Mental arteriosclerosis or a narrow and rigid mentality pollutes the living quarters of the white people. As a result, all the people of South Africa are subject to the vagaries of such an attitude. The output of the reading brain named “space and time” to express an infinite state bounded by the politics and laws of South Africa of that time interacts with the combination of the writing brain consisting of the motivation for a new regime and the adaptive ability to prevent mental arteriosclerosis.
　Max tried avoiding risk in order to prevent mental arteriosclerosis. When he made the speech at his sister's wedding ceremony, a hedonic neurotransmitter dopamine was secreted into the frontal cortex of his brain and the signal was introduced into the brain stem through the interbrain. In this scene, the working memory to forecast the future is stronger than the long-term memory of his sister, therefore the writing brain of Gordimer uses the frontal cortex.
　The decision-making that can be seen as the function of the frontal cortex divides into the type of determinism for truth and the adaptive kind based on the data. Both Gordimer's and Max's motivation is the latter form (anti-apartheid). If the adaptive decision-making process has a favorable balance of situations of dependent and independent types, there is no problem. But this does not necessarily occur. In terms of groups, women like the independent type and men like the dependent type of woman. If there is not much variation, the independent type is better. If the situation is unstable, the dependent type is better. The endless situation does not have much change, therefore the independent type is better. But there is some distinction between the sexes in the function of frontal cortex.

Table 3
Comparative items Men Women
Adaptive decision-making They like the dependent type. They like the independent type.
Situation-dependent decision-making Left prefrontal cortex activates. Right and left posterior cortex (parietal cortex) activates.
Situation-independent decision-making Right prefrontal cortex activates. Right and left prefrontal cortex activates.
Function of cerebral cortex Right and left brain differs remarkably. Anterior and posterior brain differs remarkably.
Processing of language information Anterior and posterior portions of left hemisphere activate. Right and left frontal cortex of cerebral hemisphere activates.
Connections within the brain White matter fiber bundle to bind the anterior and posterior portions of a hemisphere is large; the functional integrity of a hemisphere is particularly noteworthy. Callosum to bind right and left brain is heavy and the functional integrity of a hemisphere is distinctly noticeable.

　I presume that the right and left prefrontal cortex activated when Gordimer wrote The Late Bourgeois World because this opinion can solidify the accepted reading of “space and time.”
　The output of the reading brain in terms of “space and time” becomes an adaptive ability through motivation. It leads to the far-sighted risk avoidance by activating an author's comprehensive capacity for actions such as understanding, thought, and judgment. The accepted vertical in the L model of Gordimer's story becomes language and literature → language cognition → space and time. The horizontal symbiosis becomes space and time → information cognition → motivation and adaptive ability. The synergic metaphor “Gordimer and motivation” is obtained from these terms. Considering the sort of memory derived from the created database, Max's reminiscence is seen in each scene, and the novel contains a lot of episodic memories.

Hanamura（2018）"How to make a synergic metaphor"より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura