シナジーのメタファー３

2　人間の精神活動

　人間の精神的な活動とは、心の表出と言われる言語、記憶、感情、思考、意欲、判断、知能（適応能力）などのことである。これらの活動は、一般的に脳によって生み出されている。
　脳を部位ごとに見てみると、前頭葉の前頭前野皮質は、人の脳の活動でも特に、意志、計画、意欲、感情を管理し、前頭葉の上部では運動を、側頭葉の近くでは言語の発音を処理している。頭頂葉は判断や理解を管理し、前頭葉との境界に体性感覚が走っていて、触覚、痛覚などの皮膚の感覚、内臓の痛覚などを調節する。また、側頭葉との境界に味覚の機能がある。後頭葉は、視覚の情報を処理している。（片野2017：3）

大脳皮質の役割分担
区分 役割
区分　前頭葉・前頭連合野
役割　思考、意志、計画、意欲、感情、判断、自己抑制
区分　前頭葉・運動連合野
役割　運動の開始や手順を計画
区分　前頭葉・運動野
役割　運動連合野の指示に基づき、運動の指令を発信
区分　頭頂・体性感覚野
役割　触覚、痛覚、深部感覚などの受け取り
区分　頭頂連合野
役割　判断、理解、感覚情報の統合　
区分　側頭葉・聴覚野 聴覚情報の受け取り
役割　側頭連合野 知識、記憶、言語の理解
区分　視覚連合野 視覚情報の判断、認識
役割　視覚野 視覚情報の受け取り
区分　ブローカー野
役割　言語の表出：書く、話す
区分　ウェルニケ野
役割　言語の理解：読む、聴く

　当初から言語や記憶には関心があり、魯迅の「阿Q正伝」（1922）を題材にして側頭葉にある海馬について考察したことがある。（花村2015）　
　魯迅の文体は、従容不迫（落ち着き払って慌てないという意味）で、持ち場は短編である。「阿Q正伝」（1922）に対する解析を「記憶と馬虎」にし、これを「記憶とカオス」という生成イメージに近づけるため、場面を作業単位にしてＬ字の解析と生成を繰り返す。すると馬虎という無秩序状態にある人々の予測不可能な振舞い（非線形性）及び刑場に向かう阿Qと荷車運搬人の近似入力が全く異質の出力になる様子（初期値敏感性）が見えてくる。　　
　記憶を司る部位として海馬は、側頭葉を覆う大脳皮質のすぐ裏側にあり、ニューロンの集まりでその断面にはＳ字に似た筋があり、そこに細胞が沢山詰まっている。（片野2017）によると、ニューロンのシステムでは、脳の全ての部位で一つ前のシナプスから受容体が神経伝達物質を受け取り、電気信号に形を変えて、先端のシナプスから次のニューロンへ信号が伝わる。もちろん、側頭葉には聴覚の機能もあるという。

花村嘉英（2018）「シナジーのメタファ―について考える−ナディン・ゴーディマと意欲」より

1　ゴーディマの意欲

　1950年代の南部のアフリカは、反アパルトヘイト運動が崩壊状態にあった。しかし、ナディン・ゴーディマ（1923−2014）は、この革命に白人がどのように関与できるのかを自問し、世の中の流れと逆流している自国の現状に危機感を抱き、何かの形で革命に関わりたいという意欲を持っていた。こうした作家の脳の活動は、この革命が南アフリカの将来を見据えたリスク回避であることを想定させる。
　無論、白人リベラリズムが全盛のときに、何を訴えても焼け石に水である。2017年の今だからこそ、当時の改革案は正当化される。何とかしようという意欲はあっても、外部からの規制により大抵は気持ちが空回りしてしまう。空回りした気持ちは、「空間と時間」という組み合わせでしか表現できない。しかし、メディカル表現がそれを補足する。補足というよりも、意欲は、一般的に前頭葉の前頭前野皮質が管理をし、それとリンクする適応能力は、脳全体の機能により説明される。ゴーディマがいう無限を表すための組み合わせ「空間と時間」にまつわる適応能力を考察するには、前頭前野皮質だけの働きではなく、脳全体、つまり身体全体の働きを考察の対象にするとよい。
　この小論で取り上げるゴーディマの作品は、主人公が過ごした一日を問題にしており、パートナーのマックスの自殺が鍵を握る。自殺するまでには、何かのストレス障害が発生していると考えられる。例えば、意欲があっても政治や法律により拘束され、社会への適応が阻害されることもある。ネルソン・マンデラ（1918−2013）も27年間牢獄に監禁されていた。
　なお、ここでの分析法は、花村嘉英著「日本語教育のためのプログラム」（2017）で森鴎外の「山椒大夫」のために採用したものと同じである。

花村嘉英（2018）「シナジーのメタファ―について考える−ナディン・ゴーディマと意欲」より

　ナディン・ゴーディマ（1923−2014）は、南アフリカの白人社会の崩壊を目指す反アパルトヘイト運動に白人がどのように関与できるのかを自問し、世の中の流れに逆流する自国の現状に危機感を抱いて、何らかの形で革命に関わりたいという意欲を持っていた。こうした作家の脳の活動は、南アフリカの将来を見据えたリスク回避といえるため、特に、「意欲と適応能力」に焦点を当てて、ゴーディマの執筆脳について考察していく。
　ゴーディマが「ブルジョワ時代の終わりに」を書いた1960年代前半の南アフリカは、ヘンドリック・フェルブールト首相（在任1958−1966）に象徴されるアパルトヘイト全盛の時代で、いくら適応能力があっても政治や法律によりそれを発揮できなかった。そのため、心の働きでは意欲が強くなり、それに伴う計画や判断を含めた脳の活動としては、前頭葉が注目に値する。
　前頭葉は、頭頂葉や側頭葉といった他の連合野と相互関係にあり、また、本能を司る視床下部とか情動や動機づけの反応に対して判断を下す扁桃体と結びつきが強い。（Goldberg 2007）
「ブルジョワ世界の終わりに」は、マックスの死を知った私の一日というストーリーで、そこには小学生の息子ボボ、マックスの両親や妹夫妻、弁護士のグレアム、87歳になる認知症の自分の祖母、運搬請負人のルークがいる。それぞれの場面でマックスのことを回想しながら、当時の南アフリカの革命に関わる一人の白人の意欲を描いている。
　アフリカ民族会議やそこから分裂した過激派のパンアフリカ会議と並ぶ白人による反アパルトヘイト運動、アフリカ抵抗運動も、当時、盛んにサボタージュを繰り返した。1964年7月の全国一斉捜査で活動家が逮捕され、所持していた文書や供述からアフリカ抵抗運動の活動が明るみになった。（福島 1994）転職を繰り返すマックスは、こうした白人のサボタージュ運動に属していて、運動初期の段階で逮捕され裁判にかけられた。
　重大な生活上の変化やストレスに満ちた生活が原因となる適応障害は、個人にとって重大な出来事（就学、就職、転居、結婚、離婚、失業、重病など）が症状に先んじて原因となる。（日本成人病予防協会 2014−3）マックスの場合、結婚離婚、就学就職、いずれもうまくいかない。地下組織の人たちと付き合いがあったからである。結局、死を選ぶため、社会に適応する能力がなかったことになる。
　どうにもならない精神状態を説明するときに、ゴーディマは、メディカル表現を用いて問題解決を試みる。心を頑なにして精神を狭める精神的な動脈硬化は、白人居住区が汚染地区であるため、南アフリカの白人たち全員がその対象になる。当時の南アフリカの政治と法律に縛られた無限状態を表す「空間と時間」という購読脳の出力は、情報の認知を通して、新たな国作りのための意欲と精神的な動脈硬化を予防する適応能力という執筆脳の組と相互に作用する。
　マックスは、精神的な動脈硬化に罹らないようにリスク回避を試みる。妹の結婚式におけるスピーチの場面では、マックスの脳内で快楽の神経伝達物質ドーパミンが前頭葉に分泌し、間脳を経て脳幹に信号が伝わっている。この場面では、妹に纏わる長期記憶とその後の彼らを占う作業記憶のうち後者が強いため、ゴーディマの執筆脳は、前頭葉が活発に働いている。
　前頭葉の一機能といえる意思決定は、唯一の答え、つまり真実を求める決定論型と優先事項に基づいた適応型に分かれる。ゴーディマとマックスの意欲は、適応型の意思決定（反アパルトヘイト）であり、そこに執筆脳に関する解決策を求めていく。
　適応型の意思決定では、状況依存型と状況独立型のバランスが良ければいいが、一概にそうはいかない。集団で見た場合、女性は状況独立型を、男性は状況依存形を好む。また、比較的変化が少なければ、独立型の方が懸命であろうし、不安定な状況では依存型の方が好ましい。さらに、無限の状態は変化に乏しいため、独立型が良いであろう。しかし、前頭葉の機能には、そもそも性差がある。（Goldberg 2007）　　
　
前頭葉の性差

1 比較項目 適応型の意思決定　男性 状況依存型を好む。女性 状況独立型を好む。
2 比較項目 状況依存型の意思決定 男性 左前頭前野皮質が活動する。女性 左右両側の後部皮質（頭頂葉）が活動する。
3 比較項目 独立型の意思決定 男性 右前頭前野皮質が活動する。女性 左右両側の前頭前野皮質が活動する。
4 比較項目 大脳皮質の機能 男性 左右の脳の違いが著しい。 女性 前部と後部の脳の違いが顕著。
5 比較項目 情報の処理 男性 左半球の前部と後部がともに活動する。女性 左右の大脳半球の前頭葉がともに活動する。
6 比較項目 脳内の結合部　男性 片側の大脳半球の前後を繋ぐ白質繊維束が大きく、片側の大脳半球の機能的統合が顕著である。女性 左右の大脳を繋ぐ脳梁の部分が太くて、大脳半球間の機能的統合が顕著である。

　上記の表から見ると、女性であるゴーディマの執筆脳は、左右両方の前頭前野皮質が活動していたと想定できる。これが「ブルジョワ世界の終りに」を読んで思う「空間と時間」という受容の読みを厚くしてくれる。
　「空間と時間」という購読脳の出力は、意欲を通して適応能力となり、理解、思考、判断などの総合能力によって将来を見据えた作家のリスク回避につながっていく。ゴーディマのＬのストーリーは、縦の受容が言語と文学→言語の認知→「空間と時間」となり、横の共生が「空間と時間」→情報の認知→意欲と適応能力になる。そこから、「ゴーディマと意欲」というシナジーのメタファーが作られる。また、作成したデータベースから記憶の種別を考えると、マックスの回想が場面ごとに見られることから、エピソード記憶が多い。

花村嘉英（2018） 「シナジーのメタファーの作り方について」より

6　Summary

　 In future studies, I will raise the number of authors I examine. I will form an impression of north, south, east, and west or Olympic in consideration of the balance of global scale. If I could link not only different romans of an author but also different authors by compiling databases, the synergic metaphor could improve my analytical ability, because through it, I could see the unexpected thing. When I study literature at the macro level, the global scale and the shift of format become necessary and sufficient conditions.

Literature

Yoshihisa Hanamura How to make a synergic metaphor-Thomas Mann, Luxun, Ogai Mori, Nadine Gordimer and Yasushi Inoue (in Japanese). 2018

（Hanamura（2018）"How to make a synergic metaphor"より）

5　Merits of synergic memory

　The research to study the writing brain of an author needs: 1, the L shaped narrative; 2, a database; 3, the evaluation; and 4, data handling. However, it is difficult to cover the analysis of a full roman. The first condition, therefore, is to select three out of the four requirements (1, 2, and 3 or 1, 2, or 4). One can then summarize the research of the brain of an author. I will encapsulate the merit of synergic metaphors as follows:

【Merit】
・ When one analyzes the writing brain of an author, the standard reading becomes very important.
・ One can view the creation of a database as the repeated reading of a roman, therefore a person can acquire the equivalent of a foreign language.
・ One can see the invisible thing through the database, therefore analytical objectivity increases.
・ If during one's investigation, a researcher considers not only the first column but also the second one, the analysis becomes denser.
・ If the database of each author can be linked, the analysis is expected to become more advanced in its quality.
・ One can compute statistics by the data analysis.
・ When one can acquire a quantitative measure, the body of knowledge about the cognitive science of language and literature will increase.

　For example, in adapting a synergic metaphor to the acquisition of a foreign language, one inputs the original into the column A in sequence. When the record is complete, the researcher can paste figures into the columns pertaining to the interpreting mind and the writing brain by reading the original of each line. This can provide a conception of L other than the accepted understanding. A synergic metaphor can thus be seen as an instance of repeated reading.

Hanamura（2018）"How to make a synergic metaphor"より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

4 　Commentaries of My Mother by Yasushi Inoue (1975)

　Yasushi Inoue's (1907–1991) Commentaries of My Mother describes the illness and subsequent death of the author/narrator's mother. The novel explores the trials and tribulations a family undergoes as it tries to support and care for a patient with dementia. Therefore, the output of reading becomes the combination of “dementia and adaptive ability.” This term then becomes the input signal and proceeds into the writing brain of the author through the information cognition. Yasushi Inoue's narrative describes human relations and events with a lot of sensitivity and each scene can be visualized. The writing brain may be perceived as “memory and balance of association cortex.” Commentaries of My Mother can be divided into three parts depending on the degree of the severity of the author/narrator's mother's dementia.
　The first part introduces the initial symptoms of dementia. The protagonist's mother is 80 years old and very forgetful. She says the same thing repeatedly. When she moves to her youngest daughter's house, the symptoms are very active. She talks over and over again about the clever brothers of her relatives many times in one night. However such light dementia does not pose a great problem for her daily life.
　In the second part, the narrator's mother is 85 years old and lives in her hometown. She repeatedly iterates the same thing as something new and the extraordinariness of her utterances explains the progress of her dementia. At this stage, an example of her dementia is the hallucination of the woman who asked for directions one summer in Karuisawa. There is also the episode where she wanders away on a moonlit night to look for her son. As her dementia advances to a medium degree of severity, communication with her becomes difficult.
The narrator's mother turns the advanced old age of 89 years in the third part. In one incident, she wakes up, turns on a flashlight, and enters the room. She whispers to her granddaughter Yoshiko, that “she can’t go out anymore.” She thinks she is confined to the room. Immediately after she has had her breakfast, she assumes evening has come. The family is also pulled into her increasing wandering episodes. Her dementia becomes very serious and the life of her family is brought to the brink of collapse.
　The neuron nerve fibers in the brains of patients with dementia atrophy and the information cannot be transferred smoothly. In time, the neurons of the receptors will be damaged and information cannot be adequately communicated. The dietary intake of acetylcholine essentially becomes insufficient and communication areas and other symptoms of the disease manifest themselves. The type of dementia suffered by the author/narrator's mother is Alzheimer’s disease. This is the most common form of dementia and the memory defects of not being able to remember experiences is often accompanied by abnormal behavior.
If the output of the reading brain “dementia and adaptive ability” is put together with “memory and balance of association cortex” seen as the writing brain, the resulting synergic metaphor would come into effect. I will consider how to balance the brain as in the section that follows.
　The balance of the brain is portrayed in various colors like the writing style and the idea of life and work also becomes training. The steering of neuron networks to combine the association cortex is dealt with by the frontal cortex. If I could find the general brain activity near the balance of the brain of Yasushi Inoue, I can assume a synergic metaphor such as “Yasushi Inoue and balance of association cortex.”
　As I said in my discussing pertaining to Gordimer's The Late Bourgeois World, the steering of the frontal cortex differs between men and women. Men like the dependent type of adaptive decision-making and they activate the left prefrontal cortex in the process. When they deal with language information, men tend to activate the anterior and posterior of the left hemisphere in the brain. Men’s white matter fiber bundle to combine the anterior and posterior of one cerebral hemisphere is relatively large, and the functional integrity is particularly noteworthy (please see table 3).
　The author lets familiar information integrate with the association areas of the frontal cortex (thoughts, planning, and decision), the temporal cortex (hearing) and the occipital lobe (eyesight) and wrote the novel from the perspective of a member of the geriatric patient's family. Custom and familiar information are activated by the left frontal cortex, while unexperienced problems such as originality are related to the right hemisphere. The right frontal cortex is activated as a result. There is a 2ｘ2 rule to adjust the macro balance. I will resolve the problem by the use of dichotomy because the L format of the synergic metaphor consists of an ensemble.
　The writing brain of Commentaries of My Mother is that of the adaptive decision-making based on the narrator's priority to avoid the risk of the breakup of his family. The male author prefers the dependent type of adaptive decision-making and his left hemisphere is utilized to deal with language information in conjunction with the activity of the left prefrontal area, which is activated off and on. When I consider the type of memory displayed in the novel from the database, while there are many long memories described, the narrator's decision-making is the adaptive type based on his priority. Therefore, the operative recall is related to his working memory.

Hanamura（2018）"How to make a synergic metaphor"より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

　When Gordimer explains insurmountable mental conditions, she uses medical expressions to resolve the problem. Mental arteriosclerosis or a narrow and rigid mentality pollutes the living quarters of the white people. As a result, all the people of South Africa are subject to the vagaries of such an attitude. The output of the reading brain named “space and time” to express an infinite state bounded by the politics and laws of South Africa of that time interacts with the combination of the writing brain consisting of the motivation for a new regime and the adaptive ability to prevent mental arteriosclerosis.
　Max tried avoiding risk in order to prevent mental arteriosclerosis. When he made the speech at his sister's wedding ceremony, a hedonic neurotransmitter dopamine was secreted into the frontal cortex of his brain and the signal was introduced into the brain stem through the interbrain. In this scene, the working memory to forecast the future is stronger than the long-term memory of his sister, therefore the writing brain of Gordimer uses the frontal cortex.
　The decision-making that can be seen as the function of the frontal cortex divides into the type of determinism for truth and the adaptive kind based on the data. Both Gordimer's and Max's motivation is the latter form (anti-apartheid). If the adaptive decision-making process has a favorable balance of situations of dependent and independent types, there is no problem. But this does not necessarily occur. In terms of groups, women like the independent type and men like the dependent type of woman. If there is not much variation, the independent type is better. If the situation is unstable, the dependent type is better. The endless situation does not have much change, therefore the independent type is better. But there is some distinction between the sexes in the function of frontal cortex.

Table 3
Comparative items Men Women
Adaptive decision-making They like the dependent type. They like the independent type.
Situation-dependent decision-making Left prefrontal cortex activates. Right and left posterior cortex (parietal cortex) activates.
Situation-independent decision-making Right prefrontal cortex activates. Right and left prefrontal cortex activates.
Function of cerebral cortex Right and left brain differs remarkably. Anterior and posterior brain differs remarkably.
Processing of language information Anterior and posterior portions of left hemisphere activate. Right and left frontal cortex of cerebral hemisphere activates.
Connections within the brain White matter fiber bundle to bind the anterior and posterior portions of a hemisphere is large; the functional integrity of a hemisphere is particularly noteworthy. Callosum to bind right and left brain is heavy and the functional integrity of a hemisphere is distinctly noticeable.

　I presume that the right and left prefrontal cortex activated when Gordimer wrote The Late Bourgeois World because this opinion can solidify the accepted reading of “space and time.”
　The output of the reading brain in terms of “space and time” becomes an adaptive ability through motivation. It leads to the far-sighted risk avoidance by activating an author's comprehensive capacity for actions such as understanding, thought, and judgment. The accepted vertical in the L model of Gordimer's story becomes language and literature → language cognition → space and time. The horizontal symbiosis becomes space and time → information cognition → motivation and adaptive ability. The synergic metaphor “Gordimer and motivation” is obtained from these terms. Considering the sort of memory derived from the created database, Max's reminiscence is seen in each scene, and the novel contains a lot of episodic memories.

Hanamura（2018）"How to make a synergic metaphor"より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

3　“The Late Bourgeois World” of Gordimer (1964)

　Nadine Gordimer (1923–2014) asked herself how white people could be engaged in the anti-apartheid movement to set out the dissolution of a white society in South Africa. She felt critical about the current status of her home country and wanted to reverse the social trend. She was motivated to involve in the ongoing revolution in some form. I will focus on “motivation and adaptive ability” and consider this the writing brain of Gordimer because such brain activity of an author may be seen as a far-sighted risk avoidance strategy for South Africa.
　In the early 60s when Gordimer wrote The Late Bourgeois World, South Africa was practicing apartheid. The segregated regime was symbolized by Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd (incumbency 1958–1966). In this rigidly stratified society, people could not exert their adaptive ability under any circumstances. Their mental motivation became stronger by necessity.
　The role of the frontal cortex is worth noticing here as the area of brain activity that involves planning and decision-making. The frontal cortex has a reciprocal relationship with other association areas such as the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe and has strong links with the amygdala to make judgments with regard to the hypothalamic area and emotions.
　The Late Bourgeois World contains the narrative of the day the protagonist and her family come to know about the death of her husband, Max. Characters include the protagonist, her demented grandmother, her son Bobo (an elementary school age child), Max's parents, his sister and her husband, the advocate Graham, and a carrier named Luke. They remember Max in each scene and his behavior is described as the motivation of a white person related to the anti-apartheid revolution in South Africa of that time.
　In the African Resistance Movement, besides the African National Congress and the Bolshevik Pan-African Conference, white people opposed to segregation also committed acts of sabotage. Activists were arrested in simultaneous raids in July of 1964. The activity of the African Resistance Movement came to light from the documents and statements in the possession of those detained. Max, who changed jobs very frequently, belonged to a group of white sympathizers of the movement who took part in the disruption. He was caught and brought to trial.
　An adjustment disorder is caused by an important life change and a stressful existence. Intense personal events such as school attendance, employment, moving, marriage, divorce, unemployment, and severe illness among others, become the antecedents to the ailment. Max's marriage/divorce and employment/unemployment went wrong because he formed links with the underground organization. Max was incapable of adjusting to society and finally, he selected death.

Hanamura（2018）"How to make a synergic metaphor"より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

　Moreover, I would have to imagine combinations I would require in order to exhaustively analyze the selected themes. I will devise a way to create categories such as bottom up and top down, theory and practice, general and special, linguistic information and non-verbal information, strong and weak and so on.

Table 2

・Analytic combinations Description
・Bottom up and top down The way to move from specialized information to overall image and vice versa.
・Theory and practice This method of analysis is applied to all research areas. With regard to the linguistic analysis, for instance, the logical grammar of Montague is the theory and the training of translation is the practice.
・General and special　I would effect a general understanding and a special interpretation by analyzing a literary work. The former is an acceptance, and the latter is a synergy.
・Linguistic information and non-verbal information The former is the information that is transferred through language; the latter is non-verbal information including feelings, thought, and judgment.
・Strong and weak The level of components does not have to be equal. When one sets both elements to strong, it is difficult to develop the theme because one persists in the same combination.

　I accommodated such combinations in my mind and wrote an introduction to calculation literature by analyzing Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain, “A Madman’s Diary” and The True Story of Ah Q by Luxun, and Ogai Mori's “Sansho the Bailiff” and “Jingoro Sahahsi.”

Hanamura（2018）"How to make a synergic metaphor"より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

2.3　Synergic training

　I describe the ensemble of combinations as the synergic training for the specialist of arts because the research subject of synergy consists of original combinations. For example, when one opens and closes the palm or straightens and folds the elbow, it is called exercise synergy. I will consider the following three steps as the training of synergy to deal with the combinations as much as possible.
　First I will decide the research direction by selecting any combination of the above synergic combinations in 2.1. Next, I will consider items such as arts and brain science, micro and macro, contrasting and comparative language and literature, East and West, to make the theme that will lead to the model L from the selected combination. “Thomas Mann and fuzzy” would thus become the combination of German language and artificial intelligence and “Lu Xun and chaos” would denote the combination of Chinese language and memory or mental disease. There is also a combination of the study of both Western and Eastern fiction.

Table 1

・Thematic combinations Description
・Arts and science I compare the models of arts and science while reading a roman or a novel.
・Humanities and social sciences I accommodate literature and data handling.
・Language and literature
(contrasting or comparative) I analyze literary works within the framework of contrasting or comparative linguistics.
・The East and the West I think about the different ways of thought that are shown in the East and the West. For example, abduction; Eastern and Western philosophy; the differences in the politics, law, and economy by countries and regions; oriental medicine and western medicine, etc.
・Base and application First, I make the L model (horizontal and vertical) based on a work of an author. Second, I compare it to the L model of another author.　
・Traditional technique and advanced technique Humanities philosophy and symbiotic philosophy (textual symbiosis). Multiple combinations of textual symbiosis are necessary to erase the black box (non-special expertise).
・Micro and macro Micro means the accommodation of major subject and macro means the study of the global scale and the shift of format.

Hanamura（2018）"How to make a synergic metaphor"より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura